Understanding the Command Line

#coding

NAVIGATION

Get the current directory’s path.

pwd

List the files in the current directory.

ls

List hidden files in current directory.

ls -la

Change directory.

cd # exits to the root directory cd ‘NameOfDirectory’ # changes to the specified directory cd .. # backs out of the current directory

Make directory.

mkdir ‘NameOfDirectory’ # creates a directory with the given name within the current scope

Print contents of file inline.

cat path/to/file

View a file.

less path/to/file

Edit a file with nano.

nano path/to/file

Move a file.

mv path/to/file new/path/to/file

GIT

Check which files have been changed in the directory.

git status

Pull remote changes on a branch.

git pull

Add current changes to next commit.

git add -A

Commit added changes to local .git repository.

git commit -m "some message about commit"

Push changes to remote repository.

git push

See changes by file.

git diff

Removed tracked files after being added to .gitignore.

git rm -r --cached . git add . git commit -m "removed untracked files"

Return list of local branches.

git branch

Checkout a local branch.

git checkout branch-name

Create a new branch !TIP! - This will include your uncommitted changes.

git checkout -b branch-name

Checkout a file from another branch.

git checkout branch-name -- file-name

Stash your current changes to apply later or on a different branch.

git stash

Apply last set of stashed changes for the current branch.

git stash apply

Apply last set of stashed changes to the current branch.

git stash pop

Edit your commit history.

git rebase -i HEAD~<number-of-commits-to-rebase>

Delete any current changes to the directory.

git reset --hard

Reset directory to match alternate branch (VERY DESTRUCTIVE):

git reset --hard branch-name

Reset you last commit.

git reset HEAD~

!!!TIP!!! First install Sublime text editor. (https://www.sublimetext.com/) Aliases work equally with other programs. Then alias Sublime text editor by adding this to your .bash_profile.

alias sublime="open -a /Applications/Sublime\ Text\.app"

Call this to make the changes affect your current terminal session.

source ~/.bash_profile

Then call your new command to open the user level directory in sublime. I have my .bash_profile open here showing my alias for Sublime along with an alias for Xcode.

sublime ~/

This will show all of your local system files and folders that even finder wont show including your profiles. bash-alias-example

BASH

Switch from alternate cli.

exec bash

Profile.

~/.bash_profile

ZSH

Switch from alternate cli.

exec zsh

Profile.

~/.zshrc

APT

Check list of installed packages via apt-get.

apt list -—installed

Remove a program installed using apt.

sudo apt-get --purge remove gimp

List all users and user info.

cat /etc/passwd

Just list users.

awk -F: '{ print $1}' /etc/passwd

Create a new user.

useradd username

Get information about a particular user.

grep username /etc/passwd

Delete a user.

sudo userdel username

Also delete a user’s home directory.

sudo userdel -r username

Kill all of a user’s running processes.

sudo killall -u username

Force delete a user with running processes.

sudo userdel -f username

GENERATING PUBLIC/PRIVATE RSA KEY PAIR

Generate private key.

openssl genrsa -aes256 -out .private-key.pem 2048

1. You will be prompted for a password. (Must be at least 4 digits)

2. You will be prompted for the same password.

Remove the password from the key.

openssl rsa -in .private-key.pem -out .private-key.pem

1. You will be prompted for the password.

Generate public key.

openssl rsa -in .private-key.pem -pubout -out .public-key.pem

Curl

Common Options

Make curl display a simple progress bar instead of the more informational standard meter.

-#, --progress-bar

Supply cookie with request. If no =, then specifies the cookie file to use (see -c).

-b, --cookie <name=data>

File to save response cookies to.

-c, --cookie-jar <file name>

Send specified data in POST request. Details provided below.

-d, --data <data>

Fail silently (don’t output HTML error form if returned).

-f, --fail

Submit form data.

-F, --form <name=content>

Headers to supply with request.

-H, --header <header>

Include HTTP headers in the output.

-i, --include

Fetch headers only.

-I, --head

Allow insecure connections to succeed.

-k, --insecure

Follow redirects.

-L, --location

Write output to . Can use `--create-dirs` in conjunction with this to create any directories specified in the `-o` path.

-o, --output <file>

Write output to file named like the remote file (only writes to current directory).

-O, --remote-name

Silent (quiet) mode. Use with -S to force it to show errors.

-s, --silent

Provide more information (useful for debugging).

-v, --verbose

Make curl display information on stdout after a completed transfer. See man page for more details on available variables. Convenient way to force curl to append a newline to output: -w "\n" (can add to ~/.curlrc).

-w, --write-out <format>

The request method to use.

-X, --request

POST

When sending data via a POST or PUT request, two common formats (specified via the Content-Type header) are: * application/json * application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Many APIs will accept both formats, so if you’re using curl at the command line, it can be a bit easier to use the form urlencoded format instead of json because * the json format requires a bunch of extra quoting * curl will send form urlencoded by default, so for json the Content-Type header must be explicitly set

For sending data with POST and PUT requests, these are common curl options:

1. request type
   • -X POST
   • -X PUT
2. content type header
   • -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
   • -H "Content-Type: application/json"
3. data
   • form urlencoded: -d "param1=value1&param2=value2" or -d @data.txt
   • json: -d '{"key1":"value1", "key2":"value2"}' or -d @data.json

Examples

1. POST application/x-www-form-urlencoded

application/x-www-form-urlencoded is the default:

Ex: curl -d "param1=value1&param2=value2" -X POST http://localhost:3000/data

explicit:

curl -d "param1=value1&param2=value2" -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -X POST http://localhost:3000/data

with a data file

curl -d "@data.txt" -X POST http://localhost:3000/data

1. POST application/json

Ex: curl -d '{"key1":"value1", "key2":"value2"}' -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST http://localhost:3000/data

with a data file

curl -d "@data.json" -X POST http://localhost:3000/data

Web

Find PID of running tcp connection.

sudo lsof -I tcp:[PORT]

Kill running tcp connection.

kill [PID]

Docker

Creating a Dockerfile. - [ ] Udacity

Build your Docker image.

docker build -t swift-nano:1.0.0 .

- [ ] Specifying `-t` lets you set a tag `swift-nano:1.0.0`  and builds the docker image at the specified path `.`

Run an already built Docker image.

docker run -it --privileged swift-nano:1.0.0 /bin/bash

- [ ] Specifying `-it` opens the `/bin/bash` shell in the newly created container.

List all compiled Docker images.

docker images

See all currently running Docker images.

docker ps

Connect to a running Docker container.

docker attach [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

Stop a Docker container.

docker stop CONTAINER ID

Remove a Docker container.

docker rm CONTAINER ID

Swift

Create a swift package from an empty directory.

swift package init --type executable